4.2.3 Implementation of operational procedures and process control

Section 3.4 provides a detailed description of the implementation of operational processes and process control.

Operational procedures

Operational procedures should be developed and clearly documented. The procedures should provide clear protocols for activities and processes such as:

• regular inspections of raw water sources and storages for sources of contamination (animals, birds, drainage inflows);

• checking the integrity of groundwater bores and protection of bores from surface contamination;

• inspection and cleaning of rainwater catchments and tanks;

• inspection and maintenance of all equipment and plant.

Operational monitoring

Operational monitoring includes both regular inspections and testing. In small and remote systems, greater attention should be given to inspections of systems, to check that the preventive measures used to protect water supplies (e.g. denying livestock access, keeping out human waste) are functioning.

The frequency of sanitary inspections of a catchment will depend on the characteristics of each site, the source of raw water, the time the water remains in storage (allowing natural die-off of pathogens to occur), and the subsequent treatment that is provided. As well as regular inspections in the immediate vicinity of the off-take site, every catchment where there is habitation or free public access should be comprehensively inspected at least once a year for potential sources of pollution. Wherever possible, measurements should be undertaken at the site. Test kits are available for a range of parameters, including disinfectant residuals and pH. In some cases, online monitoring might be used; for example, the operation of pumps and disinfection equipment can be monitored using 24-hour telemetry systems that include remote alarms.

Where catchments and supplies are beyond the water supplier’s jurisdiction, exchange of information and collaborative assessment of the quality of source waters is advocated.

Corrective action

Where problems occur, corrective action should be taken as quickly as possible. Potential impacts on water quality will need to be assessed and, where necessary, discussed with the relevant health authority or drinking water regulator.

If health risks are considered unacceptable, responses could include using an alternative source of water (if available), or issuing advice to the public to either to boil water before consumption (in the case of microbial contamination) or avoid use (in the case of chemical contamination). In the latter case, an alternative water supply will be needed.

Equipment capability and maintenance

The equipment and plant incorporated in the water supply system should be maintained in good condition. In particular, equipment used in water treatment (e.g. for disinfection or microfiltration) should be inspected regularly and should be adequately maintained.

Materials and chemicals

Materials and chemicals used in water systems should be suitable for use with drinking water. Chemicals such as disinfectants and coagulants should be evaluated for suitability. Where expertise is limited, small communities are encouraged to seek advice from larger suppliers, or state/territory or local governments. All materials should comply with Australian Standard AS/NZS 4020 Products for use in contact with drinking water.